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Routledge is a global publisher of academic books, journals and online resources in the humanities and social sciences.
(born 1923) Brilliant, sarcastic director whose films have etched an acid vision of modern America at war (M*A*S*H, 1970), on crime sprees (Thieves Like Us, 1973), in Sunbelt aspirations (Brewster McCloud, 1971) or in a quest for fitness (Health, 1979). These films alternated with complicated lyrical works and smaller films linked closely to theater; Altman also faced some big-budget problems. After a lengthy hiatus, Altman’s caustic wit reemerged with The Player (1992), satirizing Hollywood itself.
Industry:Culture
(born 1923) Male actor. Heston’s career became identified with larger-than-life heroes/hunks, especially Moses in the Ten Commandments (1954) and Ben-Hur (Oscar, 1959). He also took this he-man persona into less likely ethnic castings as a Mexican policeman in Touch of Evil (1958), or the Spanish El Cid (1961) and to science-fiction apocalypses like Planet of the Apes (1968) and Soylent Green (1973). This image also has intersected with his conservative politics, including his role as active spokesperson for the National Rifle Association, of which he became president in 1998.
Industry:Culture
(born 1923) National security advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon administration.
Born in Germany he fled Nazi persecution of the Jews in 1938, and, after the war, became a foreign policy and defense studies expert at Harvard University. Kissinger made a name for himself as a hawk, advocating a hard line towards the Soviet Union and other communist nations. During the Vietnam War, he pushed for the bombing of Cambodia, but also led the negotiations with the North Vietnamese—for which he would receive the Nobel Peace Prize. In the year prior to his appointment as Secretary of State in 1973, he advocated a policy of détente, and continued on this path until Gerald Ford’s defeat in 1976 terminated his diplomatic career.
Industry:Culture
(born 1923) Rugged author, journalist, film-maker and critic whose work is marked by macho bravado as well as liberal politics. Mailer came to fame with the passion and violence of The Naked and the Dead (1948), based on his Second World War service. He returned to the spotlight with The American Dream (1965) and Why are We in Vietnam? (1967), as well as his vivid, personalized journalistic accounts of peace marches (the Pulitzer and NBA honoree Armies of the Nïght, 1969) and the 1968 conventions (Miami and the Siege of Chicago, 1968). He also explored this non-fiction approach in The Executioner Song (1979). Mailer continues to act, talk and write, including the 1995 Oswald’s Tale, about John F. Kennedy’s assassin.
Industry:Culture
(1923 – 1953) Hank Williams became a legendary country music star. Born in Montgomery Alabama, he began a meteoric career after a spectacular Grand Old Opry debut in 1949.
Fame and fortune complicated Williams’ troubled personal life. He died at age thirty of a combination of alcohol and drugs, in the back seat of his famous pink Cadillac during an overnight road trip. An inspiration for numerous singer/writers, including Elvis Presley, Williams left behind some of the best-known and loved songs in all of country music, including “Your Cheatin’ Heart,” “I’m So Lonesome I Could Cry” and “Lovesick Blues.”
Industry:Culture
(1923 – 1997) Anglo-Californian poet and activist, raised in Essex, Levertov’s early verse is “free” and relatively abstract; later poems are more concrete, yet continue to abjure regularities of line, stanza and margin. American influences include Black Mountain poets and Pound, though Levertov’s speakers do not ventriloquize. Her feminist, antiwar teachings (as with Rukeyser’s) come from lived experience (Hanoi, Berkeley’s People’s Park); her deepimage fables, elegies, travel transcripts and activist tracts pioneer an American poem authentically rooted in a specific self. That Levertov’s consistent moral rigor coincides with formal laxity tests the position that right convictions lead to right poems.
Industry:Culture
(born 1924) “If you want anything, all you have to do is whistle”—this line from Bacall’s 1944 Hollywood debut in To Have and Have Not—as a teenager—introduced a smart, beautiful and independent female who would also marry her co-star, Humphrey Bogart.
Bacall’s subsequent career with and without Bogart solidified this persona, despite problems with studios. Bacall earned a 1970 Tony on Broadway for Applause. “The Look,” the astonishing voice, the image and the talent have made her a legend as she continues to select roles in her seventies.
Industry:Culture
(born 1924) A powerful naturalistic actor who dominated the screen in the early 1950s with stunning performances in A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), where he gained stardom on Broadway Viva Zapata! (1952), Julius Caesar (1953) and On the Waterfront (1954), for which he won an Oscar. In these roles, Brando, a method actor trained at Actors Studio, exuded rebellion, epitomized in images of his leather-clad motorcyclist in The Wild One that adorned dormitory walls for decades and in his adventurous off-screen life. After a slack period, Brando reemerged to major stardom as Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972) and in the tortured Last Tango in Paris (1972), although he took on limited roles through the 1990s. His characteristic speech, emblematic roles and expanding size made him a favorite target of imitators.
Industry:Culture
(born 1924) Actor born in Miami, FL of Caribbean (Bahamian) descent. Poitier became one of the first black actors to reach movie stardom in the 1960s. In many roles, unfortunately from preacher to teacher to policeman, he often seemed to gain equality only by incredible superiority. Nominated for an Oscar for The Defiant Ones (1958), he won Best Actor for Lilies of the Field (1973), the only African American man so honored for thirty years. Primarily a director in the 1970s, his career revived in the 1990s; he received an AFI achievement award in 1992.
Industry:Culture
(born 1924) Chinese American novelist and child of immigrants, whose stories are interwoven into her fiction. Tan has focused on relations of new and old mediated through complex and painful relations of mother and daughter. Her first novel, The Joy Luck Club (1989), won the National Book Award and became a breakthrough movie depiction of Asian American women beyond Hollywood stereotypes (1994). Later works include The Kitchen God’s Wife (1991) and The Hundred Secret Senses (1996); she has also produced children’s books and become involved in a literary band.
Industry:Culture
